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id=\"tab_div_mk7k\" class=\"tab_content\" aria-labeledby=\"tab_li_mk7k\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n<h2>\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u6587\u8981\u65e8<\/h2>\n<h3>Performance Theory and Practice in the Afuso School of Ryukyuan Classical Music &#8211; Based on Records and Voice Analysis of Performances by Kin Ryo\u0304jin &#8211;<\/h3>\n<p>The aim of this study is to throw light on prescriptive performance practice through methodical examination and reconstitution of performance theory in the Afuso school of Ryukyuan classical music. Through an in-depth reading of performance theory as described in Ryu\u0304kyu\u0304 ongaku ko\u0304 (A Study of Ryukyuan Music), the theoretical study by Tomihara Shusei published in 1934, I analyse the singing style of Kin Ryo\u0304jin, the leading performer of the Afuso school during the early Sho\u0304wa era.<\/p>\n<p>Features of this study include use of conceptual diagrams for explaining the singing style and a scientific approach based on voice analysis. I personally devised these diagrams, which represent vocal pitches graphically and permit a visual description of singing style. Furthermore, use of voice analysis software throws objective light on use of the voice, including clarification of detailed vocal inflections scarcely perceivable by the era.<\/p>\n<p>The dissertation comprises six chapters including an introduction.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter 1 offers a general description of prescriptive features of the Afuso and Nomura schools of Ryukyuan classical music and elaborates on the perspective, aims, targets and methodology of the study. Recent research has revealed the existence of performance theory during the early Sho\u0304wa era, but such theoretical considerations are not reflected in modern performance. Differences between performers in the singing style of the Afuso school have been noted. To resolve such issues, it is necessary to systematise performance theory and clarify the musical features of the Afuso school.<\/p>\n<p>In Chapter 2 I look at trends in the world of Ryukyuan classical music over the past century and describe the history of transmission of Afuso school music and performance theory while pointing out problems in prior research. The Seigakufu tsuki Nomura-ryu\u0304 kunkunshi\u0304 (Nomura School kunkunshi\u0304 with Notation of the Vocal Part) published during the late 1930s established the standard for performance of music in the Nomura school. Ryu\u0304kyu\u0304 ongaku ko\u0304, which describes performance theory in the Afuso school, was published at around the same time. Interrupted by the Second World War, theoretical studies thereafter came to a virtual halt, and it was not until this field was re-explored by O\u0304wan Kiyoyuki that performance theory began to be understood. The reasons for this break in the lineage of performance theory were in particular the numerous singing styles and the abstruseness of commentaries. In the present study I analyse the 43 types of &#8216;ornamental singing&#8217; (shu\u0304shoku gin) described in Ryu\u0304kyu\u0304 ongaku ko\u0304 based on a division into separate categories. As a result I show it is possible to classify &#8216;ornamental singing&#8217; into the three categories of &#8216;performance theory&#8217;, &#8216;performance technique&#8217; and &#8216;vocal production&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p>In Chapter 3 I express my opinions about prior research and attempt to systematise performance theory in the Afuso school in line with a division into &#8216;Principles&#8217; and &#8216;Development of Principles&#8217;. Three &#8216;Principles&#8217; are involved: 1) Vocal melody; 2) Initial vocal articulation; 3) Single pitches. These create the skeletal framework for music in this school. In &#8216;Development of Principles&#8217; I examine how principles are applied to practice. The melodic formulae employed in most pieces emerge through application of these principles. Individual pieces are formed through varied combinations of these melodic formulae.<\/p>\n<p>In Chapter 4 I focus on the vocal technique employed in the Afuso school known as watai-jin and analyse with recourse to voice analysis software how it is employed by Kin Ryo\u0304jin. Watai-jin denotes the method of singing employed when the melodic skeleton in the sanshin part moves over two beats down a semitone from ko\u0304 to shaku or a minor third from jo\u0304 to ro\u0304. I begin by examining the consistency of the watai-jin method employed by Kin Ryo\u0304jin. It became evident that its use in Janna-bushi, Shui-bushi and Shudun-bushi is indeed consistent. I also point out that watai-jin may be influenced by the surrounding context and by whether the first or second positions are employed on the sanshin.<\/p>\n<p>In Chapter 5 I examine how watai-jin has been handed down over the past century based on a division into pieces with slow and fast performance tempi. This revealed that gradual changes occurred in vocal inflection and handling of metre on either side of the Second World War. Whereas changes in singing style were particularly noticeable in pieces with slow tempi, the watai-jin style was handed down faithfully in fast pieces.<br \/>\nHaving reconstructed performance theory on this basis, I obtained the foundations for describing the musical features of the Afuso school. This school possesses its own performance theory based on the application of specific principles, and I conclude that this theory is reflected in the vocal style of Kin Ryo\u0304jin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"tab_div_wff4\" class=\"tab_content\" aria-labeledby=\"tab_li_wff4\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n<h2>\u8ad6\u6587\u5be9\u67fb\u8981\u65e8<\/h2>\n<p>\u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u3001\u7409\u7403\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u697d\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u89e3\u660e\u3068\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u541f\u6cd5\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306b\u8003\u6848\u3057\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u56f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u541f\u6cd5\u3092\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u628a\u63e1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u97f3\u6e90\u306e\u5206\u6790\u306b\u97f3\u58f0\u5206\u6790\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u541f\u6cd5\u306e\u69d8\u5f0f\u3092\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u3001\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u51686\u7ae0\u3067\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u7409\u7403\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u697d\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\u3068\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u304c\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b\u5bcc\u539f\u5b88\u6e05\u300e\u7409\u7403\u97f3\u697d\u8003\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u541f\u6cd5\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u691c\u8a0e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7409\u7403\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u697d\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u304c\u691c\u8a0e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u5148\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u3001\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u30613\u7a2e\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5fdc\u7528\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u65cb\u5f8b\u578b\u304c\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u305d\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u697d\u66f2\u304c\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a73\u8ff0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306e\u541f\u6cd5\u306e\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u6e21\u541f\u300d\u306b\u7740\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u3001\u97f3\u58f0\u5206\u6790\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6226\u524d\u671f\u91d1\u6b66\u826f\u4ec1\u97f3\u6e90\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u300c\u6e21\u541f\u300d\u306e\u541f\u6cd5\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5c0e\u304d\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u524d\u7ae0\u3067\u306e\u91d1\u6b66\u826f\u4ec1\u9332\u97f3\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u6f14\u594f\u5bb6\u306e\u97f3\u6e90\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u6226\u524d\u671f\u306b\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300c\u6e21\u541f\u300d\u306e\u541f\u6cd5\u304c\u3001\u6226\u5f8c\u306e\u4f1d\u627f\u3067\u306f\u5931\u308f\u308c\u3064\u3064\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5404\u7ae0\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u3001\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7279\u306b\u300c\u6e21\u541f\u300d\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u5909\u9077\u3092\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u306f\u9ad8\u304f\u8a55\u4fa1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u30fb\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7d5e\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30d1\u30af\u30c8\u306a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5927\u6e7e\u6e05\u4e4b\u3001\u65b0\u57ce\u4e98\u3089\u306e\u5148\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6c96\u7e04\u306e\u97f3\u697d\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u7406\u8ad6\u66f8\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u96e3\u89e3\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5bcc\u539f\u5b88\u6e05\u300e\u7409\u7403\u97f3\u697d\u8003\u300f\u3092\u6539\u3081\u3066\u8aad\u89e3\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6f14\u594f\u6280\u6cd5\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3084\u904b\u7528\u6cd5\u3092\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u306b\u6574\u7406\u3001\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5b89\u5bcc\u7956\u6d4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\/>\n\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u662d\u548c\u521d\u671f\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7406\u8ad6\u66f8\u300e\u7409\u7403\u97f3\u697d\u8003\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u89e3\u8aad\u3057\u3001\u662d\u548c\u521d\u671f\u306e\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u3092\u4ee3\u8868\u3059\u308b\u6f14\u594f\u5bb6\u30fb\u91d1\u6b66\u826f\u4ec1\u306e\u6b4c\u3068\u306e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u4f53\u7cfb\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e3b\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6f14\u594f\u306f\u3001\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u97f3\u697d\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u7684\u306a\u6f14\u594f\u6280\u6cd5\u304c\u591a\u304f\u542b\u3080\u697d\u66f2\u3092\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u826f\u304f\u9078\u66f2\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7409\u7403\u53e4\u5178\u97f3\u697d\u6614\u7bc0\u300a\u9996\u91cc\u7bc0\u300b\u300a\u6681\u7bc0\u300b2\u66f2\u3001\u672c\u8abf\u5b50\u300a\u4ef2\u9593\u7bc0\u300b\u300a\u8b1d\u6577\u7bc0\u300b\u4e8c\u63da\u8abf\u5b50\u300a\u5b50\u6301\u7bc0\u300b\u300a\u6563\u5c71\u7bc0\u300b\u306e6\u66f2\u3092\u6b4c\u3044\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3002\u7279\u306b\u6614\u7bc0\u306f\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3088\u308a\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306e\u6c7a\u307e\u308a\u624b\u300c\u6e21\u541f\u300d\u300c\u6253\u3061\u4e0a\u3052\u541f\u300d\u300c\u8d77\u3057\u541f\u300d\u300c\u958b\u97f3\u6253\u97f3\u300d\u300c\u6e21\u541f\u3001\u5c45\u3057\u541f\u306e\u8907\u5408\u578b\u300d\u300c\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u541f\u3001\u6e21\u541f\u3001\u6253\u3061\u5207\u308a\u306e\u8907\u5408\u578b\u300d\u3092\u7db2\u7f85\u3057\u5802\u3005\u3068\u6b4c\u3044\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5b9f\u6f14\u767a\u8868\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4fee\u58eb\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3001\u535a\u58eb\u8ab2\u7a0b\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6f14\u594f\u4f1a\u30015\u56de\u306e\u5927\u6e7e\u6e05\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u767a\u8868\u4f1a\u306b\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u5730\u9053\u306b\u5b9f\u8df5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u7fd2\u5f97\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u6f14\u594f\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3067\u7d50\u5b9f\u3057\u305f\u6f14\u594f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6614\u7bc0\u306e\u6c7a\u307e\u308a\u624b\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u4fee\u98fe\u541f\u300c\u5f15\u304d\u541f\u300d\u300c\u5de6\u541f\u300d\u300c\u5f35\u308a\u6291\u3048\u300d\u300c\u5f15\u8fd4\u3057\u541f\u300d\u300c\u5f15\u30ab\u30f3\u30b8\u541f\u300d\u300c\u4e09\u89d2\u5f53\u3066\u300d\u300c\u6ce2\u7a81\u541f\u300d\u300c\u304f\u3093\u5f35\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u826f\u304f\u7814\u7a76\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u304c\u6f14\u594f\u306b\u8868\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u5b89\u51a8\u7956\u6d41\u306e\u541f\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4e09\u7dda\u306e\u7d43\u97f3\u3092\u8ffd\u3044\u304b\u3051\u308b\u69d8\u306b\u9032\u884c\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u539f\u5247\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u539f\u5247\u3092\u300c\u8ffd\u884c\u541f\u300d\u3068\u547d\u540d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u8ffd\u884c\u541f\u300d\u3068\u300c\u6e21\u541f\u300d\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u6f14\u594f\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6210\u679c\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u58f0\u91cf\u3001\u97f3\u7a0b\u3001\u30c6\u30f3\u30dd\u3001\u7bc0\u5165\u308c\u306f\u5b89\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6f14\u594f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u60dc\u3057\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6614\u7bc0\u3001\u672c\u8abf\u5b50\u306e\u8abf\u5f26\u3092\u3042\u3068\u534a\u97f3\u4e0a\u3052\u3066C#\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u300a\u9996\u91cc\u7bc0\u300b\u300a\u4ef2\u9593\u7bc0\u300b\u306e\u4f4e\u97f3\u57df\u3082\u5341\u5206\u306b\u97ff\u304b\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002C\u306e\u8abf\u5f26\u306b\u3053\u3060\u308f\u308a\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u6614\u7bc0\u3084\u672c\u8abf\u5b50\u306e\u72ec\u5531\u66f2\u3092\u6b4c\u3046\u969b\u306bC#\u3067\u6b4c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3088\u304f\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u58f0\u57df\u306b\u6700\u9069\u306a\u8abf\u5f26\u3067\u81e8\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6614\u7bc0\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u529b\u306b\u5e45\u304c\u5e83\u304c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e8c\u63da\u66f2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4f4e\u97f3\u3001\u9ad8\u97f3\u3001\u6b4c\u306e\u6f14\u594f\u529b\u306f\u5341\u5206\u306b\u767a\u63ee\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u3068\u6f14\u594f\u6280\u6cd5\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8868\u73fe\u529b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u5341\u5206\u306b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u9ad8\u5ea6\u306b\u7fd2\u719f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6f14\u594f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u6d3b\u8e8d\u306b\u671f\u5f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u6700\u7d42\u8a66\u9a13\u7d50\u679c<\/h2>\n<p>\u6700\u7d42\u8a66\u9a13\uff08\u53e3\u8ff0\uff09\uff08\u65e5\u6642\uff1a1\u67089\u65e5\u300010:00\uff5e11:30 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