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style=\"line-height: 1.84;\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"tab_div_m953\" class=\"tab_content\" aria-labeledby=\"tab_li_m953\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n<h2>\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u82f1\u6587\u8981\u65e8<\/h2>\n<h3>An Ethnomusicological Study of Mozambican Dance Drama\u00a0<i>Bailado<\/i>:\u00a0Creation of &#8220;Art&#8221; and Identity.<\/h3>\n<p><i>Bailado,<\/i>\u00a0a dance drama infused with elements of ballet, was first created and developed in newly independent Mozambique. It was an integral part of Mozambique\u2019s \u201ccultural policies\u201d aimed to help the formation of a new nation-state. The\u00a0<i>Companhia Nacional de Canto e Dan\u00e7a<\/i>\u00a0(CNCD), a national dance troupe, was at that time the only entity that performed\u00a0<i>bailado.<\/i>\u00a0At present, however, various local dance groups have come to perform their own\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>pieces<i>.\u00a0<\/i>Taking an ethnomusicological approach, this thesis examines the processes of the creation and popularization of\u00a0<i>bailado.\u00a0<\/i>It pays<i>\u00a0<\/i>special attention to how the notion of \u201cart,\u201d a foreign notion, has influenced the performers in these processes as they make a conscious effort to connect local performing traditions and Western theatrical performing arts.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter 1 discusses the establishment and development of CNCD. The establishment of CNCD led to the collection and preservation of various local performing traditions, and subsequently to the production of various\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>pieces<i>\u00a0<\/i>that would pursue mo\u00e7ambicanidade (Mozambicanity).\u00a0 CNCD was instrumental in the formation of a new national identity as it incorporated into\u00a0<i>bailado<\/i>\u00a0various performing traditions of local communities in Mozambique. Initially, the main themes of\u00a0<i>bailado<\/i>\u00a0focused on people\u2019s suffering and resistance during the colonial period.\u00a0 After the nation state\u2019s political reform from socialism, the themes of\u00a0<i>bailado<\/i>\u00a0shifted to include issues such as environment, peace, and HIV\/AIDS.<\/p>\n<p align=\"left\">\u00a0 \u00a0 Chapter 2 examines the development of various local\u00a0<i>bailado<\/i>\u00a0in Zambezia province. Particular attention will be paid to the experience of the dance drama group\u00a0<i>Montes Namuli<\/i>. During the colonial period, performing traditions of ethnic groups in the province were still inherited within their communities. After the independence of Mozambique, many performing traditions began to disappear in part<b>\u00a0<\/b>due to the new nation-state\u2019s \u201ccultural policies\u201d and social changes taking place. Some performing traditions would continue while being transformed through the \u201ccultural activities\/movements of citizens.\u201d The experience of\u00a0<i>Montes Namuli\u00a0<\/i>proves to be exemplary of local\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>at present. While\u00a0<i>Montes Namuli\u00a0<\/i>shows a strong desire to create \u201cartistic\u201d pieces because of its interaction with foreign performing arts companies it also adheres to the local performing traditions.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 Chapter 3 focuses on changes in the structural elements and style of\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>performed by\u00a0<i>Montes Namuli<\/i>\u00a0and the group\u2019s overall transformation. Two observations are discussed. First, in the groups\u2019\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>pieces created and performed with support from foreign theatrical groups, musical instruments from other regions of Mozambique are incorporated and many lines are spoken in Portuguese.\u00a0 Second, as many\u00a0<i>Mones Namuli\u00a0<\/i>members prefer to incorporate elements of contemporary dance into its\u00a0<i>bailado<\/i>, and as traditional music techniques often can not be used to provide adequate music for these modern\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>pieces, the group often resorts to using pre-recorded music. These changes and the group\u2019s overall transformation are reflected in the emergent recognition shared by\u00a0<i>Mones Namuli\u00a0<\/i>members that \u201cdance and music need to be changed to become more modern.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Chapter 4 discusses the relationship between\u00a0<i>bailado<\/i>\u00a0and performing traditions and local rituals in terms of individual performers by focusing on\u00a0<i>Montes Namuli<\/i>\u2019s instrument player and<i>\u00a0<\/i>music creator Angelo Jos\u00e9. In creating\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>music, Angelo Jos\u00e9 often mixes musical elements of particular rituals of his local community with music elements of performing traditions of other communities. He also uses musical instruments that are not traditionally associated with the rituals. In this process of creation and performance of music, the separation of musical elements from their original ritual contexts and the infusion of musical elements from various contexts and communities have become important forms of his artistic expression.<\/p>\n<p>Chapter 5 concludes this thesis with an overarching discussion on the processes of creation and popularization of\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>and the influence of the notion of \u201cart\u201d on these processes. While created as a cultural vehicle to help establish and promote nationalistic ideologies and mo\u00e7ambicanidade,\u00a0<i>Bailado\u00a0<\/i>has been transformed to a form of performing art in the sense that the performers express their own ideologies and identities through their body movements and music of\u00a0<i>bailado<\/i>. In these processes, often accompanied by struggles between tradition and modern techniques, the notion of art has become a part of the consciousness and subjectivity of many\u00a0<i>bailado\u00a0<\/i>performers.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.84;\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"tab_div_pp8z\" class=\"tab_content\" aria-labeledby=\"tab_li_pp8z\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"tabpanel\">\n<h2>\u8ad6\u6587\u5be9\u67fb\u8981\u65e8<\/h2>\n<p 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